History Of HTML
HTML stands for Hyper-Text Markup Language. It is a codinglanguage, which uses a method called markup, to create
hyper-text.HTML is actually a simplified subset of a more general
markuplanguage called SGML, which stands for Standard
Generalized Markup Language, but is gradually returning to SGML as it evolves.
This evolution of HTML is worth knowing at least a little about, since HTMLis not set in stone. The changes that are occurring
have their reasons,mostly in terms of creating capabilities that previous
versions werelacking. In the beginning…In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee,
working at theEuropean particle physics institute known as CERN
(Centre European pour la Recherché Nucleaire), proposed a system to allow
scientists to share papers with other using electronic networking methods. His
idea became what is called the World-Wide Web. Since these documents were to be
shared, some common method coding them needed to be developed. Tim Berners-Lee
suggested that it be based on the already existing SGML. Here are a few quotes
from a 1990 CERN memo that Berners-Lee wrote: Hypertext is a way to link and
access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can
browse at will. It provides a single user-interface to large classes of
information (reports, notes, data-bases, computer documentation and on-line
help). We propose a simple scheme incorporating servers already available at CERN…A
program which provides access to the hypertext world we call a browser… It
would be inappropriate for us (rather than those responsible) to suggest
specific areas, but experiment online help, accelerator online help, assistance
for computer center operators, and the dissemination of information by central
services such as the user office and CN [Computing & Networks] and ECP
[Electronics & Computing for Physics] divisions are obvious candidates.
WorldwideWeb (or W3) intends to cater for these services across
the HEP [HighEnergy Physics] community. As you can see, Tim
Berners-Lee put all of the basic pieces into place. In 1992, when there were
all of 50 webservers in the world, CERN released the portable Web
browser asfreeware. Marc Andreessen, who was working at the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, created a browser called
Mosaic which was released in 1993. Shortly after that, he left NCSA to found
Netscape. The first version of the Netscape browser implemented HTML 1.0.HTML 1.0 and 2.0 in 1992, Berners-Lee and the CERN team
releasedthe first draft HTML 1.0, which was finalized in 1993.
This specification was so simple it could be printed on one side of a piece of
paper, but even then it contained the basic idea that has become central in therecent evolution of HMTL, which is the separation
between logicalstructures and presentational elements. This is the
most important single idea to grasp in learning HTML, IMHO. In 1994, HTML 2.0
was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force’s HTML Working Group. This
group later was disbanded in favor of the World Wide Web Consortium
(http://www.w3.org), which continues to develop HTML. Browsers and HTML
Netscape was just one of a number of browsers available. Mosaic was still
offered by NCSA, Lynx was available on UNIX machines, and few other companies
were creating browsers. One of them, Spyglass, was purchased by Microsoft, and
became the basis for Internet Explorer. Each browser contains, in its heart, a
rendering engine, which is the code that tells it how to take your HTML and
turn it into something you can see on the screen. What happened at this point
is that each company, most particularly Netscape and Microsoft, started to develop
their own “extensions” to HTML, often going in different directions. This
problem bedevils us to this day, though the upcoming Netscape6 browser may
resolve this by being 100% compliant with he published HMTL standards. We are
still waiting to see what this will look like. W3C takes over: HTML 3.0 and
HTML 3.2 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which had taken over HTML development,
attempted to create some standardization in HTML 3.0. But there was so much
argument over what should be included that it never got beyond the draft
discussion stage. Finally, in 1996 a consensus version, HTML 3.2, was issued.
This added features like tables, and text flowing around images, to the
official specification, while maintaining backwards compatibility with HTML
2.0. This also is a convenient place for marking the divergence in practice
from the separation that Berners Lee first made between logical structures and
presentational elements.And as the Web took off in popularity, this breakdown
became widespread and serious. The main focus of the W3C since then has been to
rectify the situation. An example of this is the widespread use of tables and
transparent “shim” GIFsto create page layout. While this creates pages that are
visually correct, the logical structure of the page is pretty much destroyed,
and such pages are frequently useless to anyone using a text browser, or a
text-to-speech parser. HTML 4.0x The W3C released the HTML 4.0 specification at
the end of 1997, and followed with HTML 4.01 in 1999, which mostly corrected a
few errors in the 4.0 specification. This release attempted to correct some of
the more egregious errors that 3.2 had allowed (encouraged?) designers to commit,
particularly in introducing Cascading Style Sheets. But in fact the W3C has
abandoned HTML s the default standard in favor of a move back towards the root
of SGML, a larger and more complex language.There will probably never be another HTML
specification. XHTML 1.0 This is the successor to HTML. The “X” stands for
Extensible. This is a reformulation of HTML 4.01 within XML (Extensible Markup Language),
which is far more rigorous, and is intended to start moving the creation of Web
pages away from HTML. This was released earlier this year, and is the most
current standard for creating Web pages. This introduces some interesting
changes in coding. For example, virtually all tags now have to be closed,
including paragraph tags. Other tags, like the FONT tag, have been banished in
favor of using Cascading Style Sheets to control all presentational elements.
Back to the browsers now, while standards are wonderful, that does not mean
that browsers follow them. No browser currently available is completely
consistent with HTML 4.0, which is already two and a half years old. Support
for Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), for instance, is spotty and incomplete in all
browsers. Also, each browser (rendering engine) interprets the specifications
in different ways, leading to the eternal complaint ofpages looking different in different browsers. Plus,
most browsers have tried to maintain backwards compatibility with older
standards, which complicates things when a newer standard invalidates some
aspect of an older standard. As I mentioned before, Netscape 6, which is still
in development, is claimed to be 100% standards compliant with HTML 4.0, XHTML
1.0, CSS1, and partially compliant with CSS2. If they can pull it off, this
would be wonderful for Web developers. But we have to wait and see what
happens. Also, Netscape is not the only browser on the market. The leader,
Microsoft’s Internet Explorer, has better standards support than Netscape does
among current browsers, but IE has appeared to drop full compliance from its
plans, and has received a lot of criticism from the Web developer community on
that account. Netscape, meanwhile, has made the decision to drop backwards compatibility
from its rendering engine so as to get a lean, efficient, standards- compliant
browser. It is entirely possible, therefore, that many pages that work fine now
will stop
WWW (World Wide Web).
Www is the subnet of the internet. It was started at govt. researchproject at the CERN European Laboratory for particle physics).Laboratory in the Switzerland and today provides the information to the users in the all over the world. The World Wide Web is based on the mechanism that is used to make resources available to users are:
· Protocol: -
“Http” Hypertext transfer protocol is used to accessresources over the web. The protocols transfers data in the form ofplain text, Hypertext, Audio, Video and so on. However it is calledhypertext because its efficiency allows its use in a hypertext document where there are jumps from one document to another.·
Address: - World Wide Web follows a uniform naming schemeto access resources on the web URL (Uniform Resource Locator). URL is a standard defining any trend of information on theinternet. URL defines these things.
o Method:-The method is the protocol used to retrieve the document. There are several different protocols that can retrieve the document e.g. GOPHER, FTP, HTTP, NEWS X, Telnet are such protocols.
o Host:- The host is a computer at which the information is available. However the name of such computer can be web pages usually stored in the computers given name begin with the www.o Path:- The path is the path name of the files where the information is located. Path can contain slashes that separate directories and sub directories and the files.
o Html:- Html is used
to create the documents that can be addressed over the web.
Html: - Hypertext
Markup
Language
What is Html?
Html is a standard markup language usually known as Html
which isused to create the web pages on the World Wide Web.
Html uses tags to indicate how web browsers should display web page elements
such as graphics, Text, Tables, Forms etc. And how it responds a user action. Html
files are simple (ASCII text files with codes embedded to denoteformatting and
Hypertext documents.
Hypertext: - Hypertext is the text which contains
hyperlinks. The text which is displayed on an electronic device or a computer
with referenceto hyperlinks.
Markup: - Markup is the set of instructions through which weinstruct the web browser that how it displays its contents
or how itresponds the user action. Markup is set of two elements
which are:-
· Tag: - A tag is a
piece of text that is always written between twoangle brackets and what goes inside is tag, A tag tells
the webbrowser what to do.· Attributes:-An attribute
is also a Piece of text that goes insidethe tag and tells the web browser how to do a
particular task.
Html Tools
· Tag: - A tag is a piece of text that is always written between twoangle brackets and what goes inside is tag, A tag tells the webbrowser what to do.· Attributes:-An attribute is also a Piece of text that goes insidethe tag and tells the web browser how to do a particular task.
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